Friday, November 21, 2014

Ten Ways to Increase Motivation to Make History



'If you can dream about it, you probably can do it' makes a lot of sense in forcing yourself to achieve anything in life. The rule book of success does not define that only people who know the theories and practical of subjects should succeed in life. It is not necessarily a college certificate that makes a person great but having the right amount of motivation and passion to do something plays a mightier role in pushing a person to achieve great things and to create history. Steve Jobs, a college dropout who founded and headed one of the richest Software companies, Apple is an excellent example of achieving unfathomed greatness all because he was driven by the correct motivation and the right level of passion. If you have motivation to achieve something, you are bound to achieve the goal overcoming the frustrations, hurdles, rejection and resistance you may face on your way to success. “Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life.” This is what motivated Steve Jobs to do what he did based on his Stanford Commencement speech. Here are 10 ways to boost your motivation level.
1. Follow your Heart. A friend of mine who is a professional chef has this cliché “If you know how to cook but don’t want to cook, do not cook as the food would not taste good.” I conjure this cliché is applicable for executing any type of work. If you have the passion of doing something, that itself is the first and most important step towards executing the task to successful completion. You need to love what you are about to do. That is the first motivation you’ll ever need to have a smooth sail all the way.
2. Set Achievable Goals. Breaking down the main task into smaller tasks and setting achievable goals makes the main task appear less strenuous. If your goal is to plant fruit trees in one acre, the objective is best achieved if you plan out how much trees you should plant and how much ground you should cover per day.
3. Laugh at yourself when you fail. When you face failure, learn to laugh at yourself heartily without losing hope. There cannot be success without facing failure. By laughing at yourself in good faith, you make a mockery of the failure in order to achieve self realization.
4. Learn to praise yourself. Even if others fail to ascertain the greatness of what you aim to achieve, this should not be the reason for you to sulk and feel dismayed. In such situations, the best thing you can do to motivate yourself is to praise yourself. If necessary, shout out some of these phrases loud “I am good at this, I am strong, I can do this.”
5. Be optimistic. Most of us have the tendency of visualizing only the cons side of things even before starting a task. This is a real killer towards achieving the final goal. ‘Be optimistic’ is the code word for achieving your objective.
7. Let someone know of your commitment. If you have made a commitment to execute something, it is recommended that you should let someone know about it. This way you have an observer who will know the outcome of your venture. You’ll have someone who will laugh at you when you fail and celebrate with you when you succeed.
6. Follow routine and rituals. For successful execution of any work either small or big, following a routine and rituals is a good habit that aids in systematic execution of work. This adds discipline to what you are about to do and gives you the much required confidence.
7. Overcome your fears. Fear of failure should not be allowed to lurk in your mind. For this you need to be well organized in your thinking and action.
8. Reward yourself. Whenever a milestone is achieved, celebrate in style to boost your spirit. Let others also know of your achievement. 
9. Visualize obstacles and find solutions. It is a very healthy practice to visualize the pros and cons of everything that you do. For the cons, you need to be prepared with the most suitable solution. Well planned works are less likely to fail because of the preparedness in solving the problems. When possible problems are detected before hand, it is more bearable dealing with the unforeseen ones.
10. Always give your best shot. Most of us have the tendency of categorizing work using some unseen yardstick taking into account the level of importance and criticality of the task. While it is good to prioritize work, it is detrimental to define the level of concentration for executing tasks depending on their importance. Make it a habit to give your best shot in everything you do and you’ll never regret the outcome.

Monday, October 6, 2014

Freelancer Orientation Examination Answer Keys

Freelancer.com is one busy site where millions of people visit everyday to get work or to give away work. In simple words, it's a booming job market on the cloud. Works are allotted on the basis of bidding, expertise and knowledge of the bidders on the subject matter of the works offered. Freelancers are encouraged to take various online examinations hosted on the site to prove their worth. Freelancer Orientation Examination is the first and one of the free exams you'll need to sit through on your way to become successful on freelancer. 

There are 20 multiple choice questions that need to be completed in 10 minutes. The passing score for the examination is 75%. Users are allowed to take the examination three times a day if they flunked. If you have read the FAQs and Fees and Charges in freelancer, the examination shouldn't be too difficult to crack. However, if you think the sections are a bit bulky to scroll through, here are some questions and their corresponding answers that just might help you crack the nut.
 Q-How many bids/month are available for free members?
A-8


Q-How many bids are available for Intro members a month?
A-15


Q-Minimum fund withdrawal for freelancer account is  

A-$30

Q-Where can you see the list of your ongoing projects? 

A-In My Projects>In Progress

Q-What would prevent a freelancer from bidding on a project?

 A-Any of these


Q-I've noticed a project that violates Freelancer.com's policies. What should I do?

 A-Submit a ticket to the "Report Violations" department of Online Support.

Q-Where can a freelancer see if an employer has created a Milestone Payment for him/her? 

A-In Finances > Manage Invoices under income head

Q-What advantages does Standard membership offer a freelancer? 

A-All of these

Q-Can a Freelancer change his/her username? 

A-No

Q-How many service listings are available for a Premium member? 

A-50

Q-How much is the Fixed Price Project Fee for a Freelancer with a Free membership?

 A-10%

Q-Where can you check all your previous earnings?

 A-In Finances > Manage Invoices

Q-Freelancers who take an exam are more likely to be awarded by:

 A-370%

Q-What does Brilliant Badge given for? 

 A-Excellence

Q-What is the hourly project fee for a Plus membership? 

A-3%

Q-How can we use credits? 

A-Project upgrade, extra bids, faster bid replenishment rates.

Q-When does a freelancer pay a commission on a fixed-price project? 

A-When the project is awarded and accepted

Q-How many employer followings can a premium member have? 

A-Unlimited

Q-What is the maximum number of contest entries that a Freelancer can submit? 

A-Unlimited

Q-What items can be included in a Freelancer's Portfolio? 

A-Feature image and portfolio item (Image, Article, Code, Video, Audio or Others)

Q-How much does a level 1 exam cost?

 A-$5

Q-How many employers can a Plus member follow? 

A-10

Q-Where does one see the transaction history?

 A-In Finances > Manage Invoices

Q-How much does the English exam cost? 

A-$5

Q-What is the total number of Service Listings available to Standard members? 

A-25

Q-What is the charge to deposit money from your account to Freelancer.com?

 A-$5

Q-How many free exams does a basic freelancer get?

 A-One

Q-Is there any project fee difference for Free,Intro,Basic and Plus Membership?  

A-No

 
Q-Can Free members unlock rewards? 
A-No

Q-What is the fee a freelancer pay to Highlight Bid? 

A-$0.50

Q-Where can you view your Affiliate activity? 

A-In Finances > Affiliate Activity

Q-How much does it cost for a user to upgrade his membership plan to Intro Membership Plan? 

A-$1

Q-How much does it cost to bid a Priority project? 

A-$5

Monday, August 18, 2014

Thisham: Tangkhul Festival for the Dead



The Tangkhuls have great respect for the dead, which ostensibly is attributed to the strong belief that there is life after death. For this, there used to be a special festival ‘Thisham’ celebrated for twelve days in the month of January. The festival was typically an occasion to bid goodbye to departed souls of the previous year. Thisham was celebrated in strict adherence to rituals practiced from time immemorial. Folk dance and folk songs performed during the festival are said to be unique. If there had been dead in a rich family in the previous year, the family usually acts as the chief host during the festival.

Each of the twelve days had different activities dedicated to the memory of the departed souls. The main activities of the twelve days were.

DAY I: The villagers gather pine torches for their respective clans and families. The collected pine torches are meant for taking to the spot where the souls of the departed are believed to come and light their torches in the evening during the festival. Some of the villagers also go out to collect bamboo bark to weave ropes for the dead. Firewood is also collected in bulk on the first day.

DAY II: Relatives of those who passed away the previous year gather together to weave ropes meant to tie the sacrificial animals to be slaughtered during the festival.  Leaves for wrapping rice cake for the dead are also collected on the second day. Indigenous wine and beer are served in abundance to the workers.

DAY III: Animals selected for sacrifice are slaughtered ranging from biggest to the smallest.  The list usually included buffalo, mithun, cow, pig, dog, cat, fowl, etc. The nature of killing the sacrificial animals as recalled by some aged people used to be slow and painful. Rice cake for the dead is baked and wine is also brewed on the third day. At the end of the day, limbs of the slaughtered animals are distributed to the chosen representatives of the dead persons. The leftovers are shared with relatives and friends. Families where dead had occurred the previous year used to choose a person each to be the representative of the dead person during the festival. The selection was based on some resemblance between the dead person and the one to be the representative. The resemblance could be facial, nature, character, etc. The representatives were called ‘Thila Kapho’.

DAY IV: People from neighboring villages chosen as representatives arrive to the village on the fourth day. Traders also turn up with the wares and goods they intend to sell or exchange during the festival. 

DAY VI: Family members and relatives of individuals who have died invite the representatives to their homes and feed them as well as shower presents. This was considered as giving to the persons who have died.

DAY VII: If any of the representatives had not been invited home the previous day, they are invited and are being fed. When evening comes, family members of the dead person gather at an open space bringing with them plateful of cooked sticky rice. A whole piece either of the leg or rip of a pig is placed beside the wooden rice plate. The plate and meat of each family is then given away to the respective representatives hired by the family of the dead.
The representatives are then invited home for feasting. When the representatives are fed well and when darkness descends, people come out from their homes with lighted pine torches to parade the representatives to the village gate. On reaching the village gate, farewell words are exchanged. Words such as “It is time to part; we love you; do not come back; let this be the end for now; may you fare well, etc are told to the representatives. This is considered as saying to the dead. The lighted torches are then thrown away. The people then go home. If the representatives are from the same village, they had to go home via a path different from the others. However, if they are from neighboring villages, they either go back to their own village or camp for the night somewhere in the open field. They are forbidden to go back to the village.

When everyone is back home, pine torches were lit outside every house. This is to ensure that the souls of the living do not loiter away along with the dead. The head of the family takes a sifting basket and called out names of the living members in the family and beckon to come back home. Falling down or stumbling on this particular day was considered as a very bad omen. If anyone falls down, a fowl was taken to the exact spot where the person fell down. The fowl was sacrificed after making its wings flap as a sign of calling the soul of the person not to follow away with the dead.

Before retiring for the night, the villagers gather at their convenient places in the open to check whether the dead people had come and collected their torches. It is said that people could really see lines of lit torches moving away slowly. Every village used to have some spots in a high mountain where lit torches used to be seen. Shirui narao, Sihai Phangrei and a hillock in Longpi Kajui were the three places where Hunphun (Ukhrul) people used to watch the dead people moving away holding lit pine torches.

DAY VIII: People are not supposed to move out of the village on this day. This is because of the belief that the dead who have loitered away from the group could be lingering around. Since, whatever needed to be given away to the dead have been given away the previous day, it was believed that the dead could not come back to ask for more. The day is referred as kazei kuireo.

DAY IX: The day was called festival of the living. As everything has been given away meant for the dead, the day is dedicated to the living for merry making.

DAY X: The day was called ‘vaichum ngakhum.’ Vaichum is a basket where rice beer used to be stored in olden days. The word ‘ngakhum’ means the act of emptying. Thus, on this day the vaichum, rice beer pots, bamboo mugs used for sharing wine with the dead are thoroughly washed and made to dry in the sun.

DAY XI: This day used to be a special feasting day. Relatives and friends are invited home for sumptuous feasts.

DAY XII: The feasting continues for the second day. Those who have not been invited the previous day are invited home. This is the day people who have come from the neighbouring villages too return to their respective villages before the sun sets.


The festival was discontinued after the advent of Christianity in the Tangkhul Hills.

Friday, August 15, 2014

Mice from Heaven

No one know where the mice come from but, everyone knows it is a bad omen when they come in hordes. The elders have a peculiar ways of interpreting the omen saying the gods are angry and they throw mice from the sky, which the educated young ones shrugged off as a shapeless joke. However, the mice are found froze to death even on top of the thatch roofs making the 'mice raining story' a little credible, some of the elders would often argue that the mice indeed rain down from heaven else why should they be found on the thatch roofs and tree branches. Mice lay dead everywhere, in the fields, on the road, and sometimes even at the doorsteps.  In the village, mice were always known for their medicinal qualities, and it was no surprise when most the villagers went around collecting the carcasses, roasting them and storing them on top of the hearths as meat supply. When the army of dead mice invaded the village, everyone started talking about delayed rain, unwanted post cultivation rain, and bad harvest. The fear of the unknown gripped the village as no one knew what extra unwanted things the year is going to bring to them.

As predicted, the rains were delayed, however, cultivation of the fields were done on time as most of the paddy fields are well irrigated by the perennial river water. The much delayed rain finally came and it continued to rain day and night. None of the elders recalled that kind of angry rain and the young people were just shocked having never seen such downpour. The incessant rains reinforced the elder’s theory about gods’ anger; some even
murmured the name of gods worshipped by their forefathers, which they have almost forgotten after embracing Christianity. The village pastor narrated the story of Noah and his Ark to the congregation on Sunday, six days since the rain started and suggested that they all should confess and have a mass prayer. The church was suddenly filled with loud sound of prayer, which for a while subdued the sound of raindrops hitting on the tinned roof. The rain didn’t stop. Paddy fields on the river bank were washed away, and two wooden bridges used for crossing over to the fields on the other side of the river were carried away. After two weeks of incessant rain, the sun showed up as if it had never rained. It appeared like the rain and the sun were teasing the villagers. With the sun, things came back to normal. The villagers were now busy trying their best to repair the damages caused by the devastating rain. The menfolk were busy repairing the blown away roofs, restoring the washed away barricades on the catchment area of the fields, and the women were busy re-planting the damaged crops. It was like re-living the busy cultivation month. Sundays were only the days when even the laziest among the villagers manage to get some rest. One Sunday, after  the Morning Service at the Church, the village Pastor, on the request of the village chief, called for the village elders’ meeting at the Panchayat hall. During the meeting, the chief informed the gathering that the village people need to help the brothers from the jungle in shifting their base. Two young lads from the jungles had come to see the chief the previous evening. He was briefed that they are shifting their base further into Myanmar territory to ensure Indian Army find it hard to penetrate. The help for shifting would mean each family providing one labor each for ferrying goods from the old to the new location on rotational basis. The two lads also told the chief that he would be informed about the time and thus to notify the villagers to be ready. No one could argue or raise their concerns against the diktats of the jungle lads in this village.

There was no voice heard after the meeting, only the hisses of some helpless sighs. At their homes, all their family members sat around the fire waiting for them to come back and brief them the minutes of the meeting. When they told their families about the task in hand, the womenfolks complained and the younger ones were angry, but only in vain. It somewhere dawned that the elders were right about god’s anger on them. Already the mice and the rains had shown signs of the impending doom; the new task only doubled their misery. Secrecy of the task was of prime importance and it should under no circumstance reach the the Indian Army camp. If the news about the villagers helping the underground reaches the Army, all the village men will be stripped and caned by the army. On the other hand, refusing to help the brothers in the jungle would mean betrayal against their own community. It was under such situations that the village elders compared their lives with that of a hunter stranded between a wounded wild boar and an angered grisly. The call for shifting the camp came as suddenly as the rain. According to the arrangement, the village has to provide five porters everyday to ferry goods from the old camp to the new one. The villagers will have to leave home at midnight to dodge the watchful and suspicious eye of the Indian Army. Moreover, they were not allowed to carry torches to find their way which would attract the unnecessary attention of the Army camp sentries, which was just two kilometers from the village. Each group of five villagers thus went on rotational basis at night and comes back at midnight of the following day dogged tired because of the long journey and the hard labor.

This was not the end of misery for the village. As nothing can really be hidden under the sun or moon, after two weeks, the Army came to know about the unusual movements. The villagers were not sure whether someone from the village informed the army or the vigilant sentries came to know about the movements. One night, the army laid a trap and the five people who were going out of the village carrying huge bamboo baskets were rounded up. They were taken to the Army camp and locked up. The oldest in the group warned the others they should not tell the truth even if they were tortured. He also suggested that they should feign ignorance of Hindi if they were interrogated. Everyone in the group was beaten up. But when they were asked where they were going at midnight all of them acted as if they don't understand what they are being asked. In the morning the village Chief and clan elders were summoned to the Army camp and were interrogated. Every one of them was beaten up and was ordered to report to the Army camp every day for two weeks. None in the group however, spilled the reason for leaving the village at midnight with big baskets. They were ignorant that the army already knew the reason from its various informants. The commander of the camp then imposed night curfews in the whole village and threatened that whoever leaves the village at night would be shot. Thus, ended the villagers’ trips to the jungle. When porters were not sent for three days, the men from the jungle came to the village to know the reason for disobeying their diktat. On being told the reason, they suggested that the porters then be sent during day in a group of two, three and four alternately. The village elders were advised to ask the porters to act as if they are going for hunting. The bamboo baskets should be hidden in the jungle. The shifting of camp which lasted for almost a month got over finally using all cunningness to dodge the hawk-eyed army.

From then on, the village became a transit point for the underground people coming from other camps and were going to the new headquarter. The villagers dutifully provided the jungle lads with food, shelter and the warmest of blankets whenever they halted in the village. However, the army would somehow get a sniff of the halts in the village and the village elders would be summoned to the army camp. The village elders were threatened with dire consequences. Very often, they were lashed with cane sticks as punishment. The halts of the jungle lads and the summons by the army became somewhat like an unwanted ritual for the villagers; something they couldn’t wish away. On one such occasion, ten men from the jungle came to the village and told the village chief that they intend to spend the night in the village as they were too tired to march on. For security reasons, they decided to use the village recreation hall to put up for the night instead of staying at the village chief’s house. They were fed and blankets were collected from the village and dropped at the recreation hall for the soldiers to rest.The night dragged on slowly with more darkness adding up every passing hour .

The village Chief had a very uneasy feeling that whole night and was unable to doze off fearing something could go wrong. The night seemed unusually longer and he kept waking up the whole night. He had just started to drift off to sleep when the first cock crowed announcing the dawn. He slowly got up from his bed with the thought of making some tea for himself. It was then that the village suddenly woke up to the thunders of gunfire. The firing continued for about an hour and there were also sounds of loud explosions every now and then. When the firing finally stopped, the village was filled with Indian Army jawans dragging out everyone from home. Some people who sleep like dead and were not woken by the sounds of gunfire were kicked and woken. Everyone in the village was ordered to assemble at the village ground adjacent to the recreation hall where the militants were housed the previous night. When all the villagers were gathered at the ground, men were separated from the women and children. The the village chief and the pastor were called to identify all the men.

Five lifeless, badly mutilated bodies were unceremoniously dragged out from the recreation hall and were kicked to add to the insult of being dead. That fateful day, the villagers were forced to go hungry as no one was allowed to budge from the ground. No one came to their rescue. The men folk were ordered to strip down to their inner wears and women and children were ordered not to make any sound or even cry. They were made to sit on the still damp ground the whole day. Much to their relief, the Superintendent of Police with his escort arrived in the evening, talked to the commander of the army and finally told the villagers to go home. By then ten children have fainted due to hunger, fifteen men badly tortured. The village chief and the pastor were also beaten. The elder brother of Ningkhan who was with the underground was beaten to death.

The villagers later came to know that someone from the village tipped off the army about the presence of underground activists in the village. Later, it was rumored that the person on sentry duty dozed off due to fatigue from the long march and didn't see the army rounding them up and ran off on hearing the first gunshot. It was also rumored that the person who was on sentry duty was given capital punishment. Five people from the jungle were slaughtered that night in the gun battle. Four others managed to escape after breaking open the wooden wall on the rear side of the hall. The casualty on the side of the army if any was never made known. The village chief and the village elders were forced to report to the army camp everyday for one month. The army also conducted frequent frisking and checking in the village for about two weeks after the incident. As for the recreation hall, it became a wasted structure as most of the wooden planks on the walls were blown off and the few left were full of bullet holes; the tin roof too suffered the same fate. Later, only the village kids are going to use it for playing the game of underground and Indian army on moonlit nights.

It took a long time for the villagers to recover from the shock and horror of the torture they went through. However, they had no other choice but to try and restore normalcy with the arrival of the harvest season. The unwanted post cultivation rain had already wrecked their crops and they feared if the harvest would last through the following year. To add to their woes, it again started raining like never before just when everyone was planning dates for the harvests. The paddy fields were getting overripe, but the rain won't stop to let them harvest the meager produce of the year. One morning when most of the villagers were still indoors because of the downpour, they heard a loud explosion which they thought could be thunderclap, but it was soon followed by continuous gunfire. The horror of the torture meted out by the Army was still fresh in everyone's mind. The sound of the gun fires were coming from the army camp and no one was sure what could be happening. The firing continued for about half an hour and none among the villagers dared to venture out. The elders told the young ones to lay flat on the ground lest some stray bullets hit them. When the firing stopped and everything was silent again except for the rain sound, the villagers stepped out of their doors to assess the situation. They saw smoke rising from some buildings inside the army camp. Some of them went nearer to the camp out of sheer curiosity to know what was happening. It was then that they discovered hell was unleashed upon them. They saw more than three dozen of the people from the jungle marching down from the army camp each one with three or more guns slung down from their shoulders.

The army camp has been ransacked and all the guns and ammunition in the camp armory looted. All the army personnel including the commanding officer who survived the attack were herded inside the buildings in the camp and locked in. When the men from the jungle saw the scared villagers, they told them to run away if they could before reinforcements arrive. The underground people went back to the jungle feeling victorious for having ransacked the army camp in lesser time than they estimated and for having avenged the death of their comrades. By this time the rain has subsided as though it was waiting for the army camp to be ransacked. The villagers ran back to the village and directly went to the chief's house to discuss what they should do. Some suggested the whole village should run away. But, where else would they go leaving their homes and the ripe fields? Some suggested all the men should run to the neighboring villages as they know the army jawans are going to vent their anger mainly on the men folk. Others opposed the idea of leaving the women and children. In the end the elders suggested that no one should run away from the village but, bear together whatever comes. If the army comes to know that some villagers were missing, the consequence could be worse than expected, countered some of the elders. Thus it was decided that no one should leave but stay to bear the wrath of the army. As someone needs to inform the district administration and police of what has happened in the village, it was decided that the village peon should walk to the district headquarters to inform the authorities. The district headquarter is about 40 kilometers from the village. Thus, the peon started for the district headquarters while the villagers went home to await their fate like helpless animals caught in a trap.

Three and half hours after the attack, the village was filled with army vehicles, army mules and heavily armed army jawans. The jawans from the ransacked camp joined the re-enforcement group in the village. The major, who was the commanding officer of the ransacked camp and who survived the attack briefed the commanding officer of the reinforcement group about what happened. The colonel who now is commanding the whole group assembled the jawans and shouted out his orders. Till this time, the villagers were huddled inside their houses scared like never before. The army spread out, some guarded the exit points from the village and majority of them got busy dragging out the villagers from their houses. Beating started right at the doorsteps. The whole village was made to assemble at the village playground. Every man in the village was beaten up badly. The village chief was shot dead and the secretary was beaten to death. The cows and buffaloes broke out of their sheds due to hunger and strayed away into the fields trampling the ripe crops. It was only at night that the villagers were allowed to go home and sleep for a short while. At dawn they were forcefully woken again and made to gather at the village ground. The army combed every house for the looted arms ignoring the fact that they were now in the hands of underground people deep in the jungle. The gathering at the village ground continued for a week with beating and torturing of the men folk happening all the way.

The district administration, police officers and civil society leaders were allowed to enter the village only after a weeklong torture. By then, five villagers including the village chief and secretary were dead, ten houses torched to ashes and almost all the granaries in the village either destroyed or burned down. This was how the army gave a tit for tat; not to the ones who provoked their anger, but to those innocent people who in some ways look like the men from the jungle. The granaries are gone and they will get near to nothing from the fields that have been taken care by the untended cattle. Though the pain due to the beating and sorrow of losing innocent lives were in everyone's tormented mind for the moment, their thoughts were tickled every now and then at the horror of going hungry the following year. For that particular tumultuous and disastrous year, the villagers were not able to comprehend who to blame; the mice that came in hordes signaling a bad year, their brothers in the jungle who were fighting for liberation or the Indian army who turn into unreasonable monsters at times of trouble.

No one in the village who survived the horror of that 'mice raining year' had forgotten the details of the torture and suffering unleashed on them. And for those who were born later, every year during Christmas the village joker educates them. On Christmas nights when the whole village is gathered in the newly constructed recreation hall, the joker takes the stage and imitate groaning and crying sounds of some people when they were beaten by the army, which he spices up to make them sound really funny. He curses mice in the name the gods of their ancestors. He nicknamed his village as ‘mice raining village’ and called his fellow villagers ‘descendants of mice from heaven.’ During those nights the roar of laughter could be heard even from the hilltop where the army camp used to be long time ago. Thus the village joker never failed to make the villagers laugh to their hearts’ content at the jokes derived from pain and lost.